Internal and External Assessment - China Eastern Air Holding Company - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2144 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? 1.0 Introduction China Eastern Air Holding Company (CEA) is one of the three major airline companies in China, which headquartered in Shanghai. At the end of September 2012, China Eastern owned total assets of about 108.5 billion RMB, which included more than 400 large and medium-sized and had over 60,000 employees. (CEA, 2014) As an official member of SkyTeam, CEA builds its flight network from Shanghai, which convergences with the Union, included 187 countries around the world and more than 1000 cities. CEA services the worlds 70 million passenger trips each year, which ranked among the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s top 5 passenger traffic. Since 2009, CEA with a new attitude usher in a new development, named Chinas civil aviation safety Five Star Award; topped the Fortune magazine Most Innovative Chinese Companies Top 25, was named the international brand agency WPP Top 50 most valuable brands in China. (Anon., n, d.) The major purpose of this report is to discuss the China Eastern Air Holding Company strategy, which included external analysis (PESTLE analysis), internal analysis (SWOT analysis), and so on. As a company, business strategy is playing an important role in firm development and success. In the report, it also will include in strategic options and recommended strategies. 2.0 External Analysis 2.1 PESTLE Analysis External analysis included in PESTLE and five forces. The PESTLE framework categories environmental influences into six main types: political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal.(Johnson, et al., 2012, p. 21). Politics highlights the role of governments. The china political background is conducive to state-owned aviation company, which included in China Eastern. Aspects of domestic routes, no one aviation company except for three state-owned aviation companies can apply to a private airline to fly the main routes in 2005 to 2007, these routes are the all the high-quality airlines. Internationally route, national policies biased in favor of Air China, most of the international routes are concentrated in the hands of Air China. China Eastern Airlines and China Southern Airlines in this regard are at a disadvantage. The background to the rapid development of private aviation industry, but the China internal policy was biased in favor of oligopoly. And the development of private airlines has been almost impossible. Economics refers to macro-economic factors, which included world economy and domestic economy. The global economic growth sustained, global economic growth in 2014 of 3.7%, compared with 2013 growth of 0.7%. Advanced countries economies from 1.3% to 2.2%, which indicates that there will be new opportunities in advanced countries. ( World Economic Outlook, 2014) Chinas economy will maintain steady and rapid development in recent years, with GDP growth of around 8% and the consumer price index rose about 4.8%. Economic Development of the ent ire aviation industry is just beginning in China. In addition, world oil prices also affected the cost of flying. The cost of fuel is the biggest cost in CEA. Social influences include changing cultures and demographics. In this case, due to changing lifestyles and values, aircrafts have become one of indispensable transportation in China. More and more customers are choosing aircraft as transportation because it is efficient and convenient. The development of the aviation industry, especially the cheap airline industry, is a significant opportunity. More importantly, the air ticket is no long luxury, but also more civilians. Technological influences refer to innovation. The information technology makes it easier for passengers to buy tickets online reservation. This technological improvement helps firm to increase the number of air travelers. The aircraft manufacturers, airport facilities, information technology impact on aviation industry technical environmental. Impro ving airport facilities, such as a passenger check-in desk, luggage facilities, shuttle vehicles, etc., which increasing customer satisfaction and promoting the development of the entire industry. Environmental stands specifically for green issues. The company improved the aircraft type, flight routes and route optimization enhance DOC (direct operating costs) control and environment management, according to the flight plan accurate refueling and other means to save our fuel consumption. It not only reduced the fuel cost, but also reduced the carbon emission to protect the environment. Not only that, the CEA also cut down the disposable supplies and the number of magazines. (CEA, 2014) Legal embraces legislative constraints or changes. The main issues are preferential airport rights for some carriers and restrictions on mergers for the airline industry. For example, CEA hopes to establish bases in Beijing but there are multiple barriers from other airline company and local gov ernment. 2.2 Five Forces Analysis Porters five forces framework affecting the industry attractiveness is: the threat of entry, the threat of substitutes, the power of buyers, the power of suppliers and the extent of rivalry between competitors. Through the five forces, the company will know their external environment and understand which part needs to improve. The five forces indicate that the advantages and disadvantages in the whole environment. 3.0 Internal Analysis 3.1 Enterprise Resource Analysis CEA mainly engaged in public air transport, general aviation operations and sale of air transportation and related products and so on. (CEA, 2014). In addition, CEA also involved in a wide range of import and export of aviation, financial services, aviation food, travel ticketing, hotel, real estate property, advertising media, machinery manufacturing and other industries, has formed a new pattern diversify. CEA flights include Airbus A300, A320, A330, A340, Boeing 7 37, Boeing 767, MD-90 and CRJ-200, ERJ-145, a total of 238 aircraft, the main operating base for the Shanghai Hongqiao International airport and Shanghai Pudong International airport, there are other important base Kunming International airport, Xian Xianyang International Airport and so on. 3.2 Enterprise Capability Analysis The CEA as the hub of airlines main income comes from the passenger and freight transport, CEA began to focus on running the network routes. Currently, CEA has nearly 250 aircraft, 293 domestic routes and 80 direct international routes. Rely on network operators, CEA will direct route between the existing city criss-crossing associate, meet the transport needs of the market and travelers. CEA explore the potential and use of existing resources, which achieve maximum benefit. 3.3 VRIO Analysis The VRIO framework determines the competitive power of a companys resources and capabilities. The overall competitive power test is moderate for CEA because the resource and capability is the moderate value; the resource and capability are rare; the resource and capability is not hard to copy; the firms policies and procedures are organized to support the exploitation. The CEA resources are limited in China, other companies hard to get their resources, but the low-cost airline is impacting on the other airline companies and sharing the market shares. 4.0 SWOT Analysis SWOT summaries the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats likely to impact on strategy development. Through the SWOT, it can clearly indicate that the strategys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, which will help companies to know themselves strategies. There are many strategic issues in CEA. The major issues are the cost is too high, and limited at domestic and international development, which is difficult to develop. 5.0 Strategic Options 5.1 Cooperative Strategy 5.1.1 Horizontal integration CEA and Shanghai Airlines comp leted merger in 2010. This is a successful procedure for CEA. It not only consolidated their stronghold of CEA, CEA also made them more competitive in the last years. The merger has two advantages. On the one hand, CEA can get local market share and build a base. On the other hand, CEA can get more resources in a short time and enhance its competitiveness. Thus, CEA can merge another lol airlines business, like as merge the Shanghai Airlines. 5.1.2 Vertical integration (Equity fuel supply companies) Fuel costs are a major component of airline costs, for example, 40% of the total fuel costs in CEA whole cost. If fuel prices continue to rise, it will further increase the cost of pressures airlines. The Chinas fuel supply companies are large state-owned enterprises, the CEA cannot merge the fuel supply. However, CEA can consider equity participation; it also can help CEA to reduce the fuel cost. Because CEA can enjoy discounts when CEA buy flight fuel. It will make the CEA mor e competitive in todays high fuel prices. In cooperative strategy, vertical integration will reduce cost and horizontal integration will help CEA to develop the domestic and international market. The cost of fuel is the biggest cost for an airline company, thus, reduce the cost of fuel is the most important in a company. If the CEA cooperate with the fuel supply, it will cut down more money on the cost of fuel. The merger is a good way to explore a new market and consolidate an old market. It will help companies to get more market shares and improve awareness. 5.2 Cost-leadership strategies Cost-leadership strategy involves becoming the low-cost organization in a domain of activity. (Johnson, et al., 2012, p. 112). Low-cost providers must have the resources and capabilities to keep costs below those of competitors. Input costs are important in cost leadership. For example, CEA reduce the types of aircraft. CEA has seven kinds of models, 1050 routes, which will inevitably lead to higher costs of the huge variety of aircrafts. Kinds of civil aviation fleet are the core of aviation hardware resources. Too many kinds of aircrafts will lead to high cost of maintenance. Complex models of aircrafts are the main cause of the high cost airlines. Thus, CEA should adopt a single model and short range, high-density routes, which provides adequate financial security. Chinas civil aviation aircraft utilization is very low, with an average aircraft utilization rate in the advanced world airlines around 9.8 hours. Improved aircraft utilization, it not only reduce the need for the number of aircraft, but also reduce the number of occupied capital in order to effectively reduce costs. In addition, the rational use of regional aircraft is important to the CEA route network improvement. CEA can use the mid-size aircraft as regional aircraft in order to guarantee adequate attendant circumstances and give full play to the small regional aircraft effect. In the cos t-leadership strategy, to reduce the kinds of aircraft will cut down the cost and to use the mid-size aircraft to fly regional airlines, which will get more profit for a company. These two strategies will make the CEA profitable. 5.3 Best-cost strategy Best-cost providers must have the resources and capabilities to incorporate upscale product or service attributes at a lower cost than rivals. CEA can provide the cheaper airline tickets and promotion tickets. Through this way, CEA could provide the same price tickets as the low cost airline, as well as provide the best service. The consumers must buy CEA tickets because it provides the best service with the low price. This strategy will improve attendance in each airline, it will get more profit. In the meanwhile, the cheaper tickets will help CEA get more market shares in their new routes because customers will be chose the cheaper tickets in the same routes. 6.0 Recommended Strategy For any company, it owns the limit ed resource and energy for a certain period, and it cannot choose more strategies to operate together. Therefore the implementation of the strategy should first be necessary to elect from alternative strategies. Thus, I consider that the cost-leadership strategy is the best strategy for CEA now. Cooperative Strategy is a perfect strategy, but merger need for a long time to operate. At the short time, it hard changes for anything for a company, and it needs to integrate for a long time. Best-cost strategy also is a good strategy, but it is not a long-term strategy. The cost-leadership strategy is to take advantage of the enterprise avoid or mitigate the impact of external threats. Through the merger, CEA received a huge of resources; however, these resources are not really playing a role. If CEA cannot full use of these resources, these resources will affect the development of enterprises. These resources as inside restricted need to become the outside strength. In addition, company staff mobility, and operational confusion, CEA has been to optimize the internal management of the development strategy. 7.0 Conclusion Chinas aviation market entered a rapid development period; the performance of the airline has been the turning point. With a high level of CEA actively promote strategic cooperation will help CEA and improve their management, operations and profitability. CEA is one of the three major airline company in China, which shouldering responsibility for the development of the aviation industry in China. Through this analysis, we can clearly see the CEA have strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, as long as the Eastern able to choose the right strategy, I consider that China Eastern Airlines will be able to a leader in the Middle East aviation industry for a long time. 8.0 Reference List Anon., n.d., About China Eastern, China Eastern Airlines, [Online] Available at: https://easternmiles.ceair.com/about/zjdh/t2013812_11 832.html. [Accessed 14 April. 2014] Anon., 2014, China Eastern Social Responsibility Report on 2013. China Eastern Air Company, [Online] Available at: https://pdf.dfcfw.com/pdf/H2_AN201403260005322096_1.pdf. [Accessed 14 April. 2014] Johnson, G., Whittington, R. Scholes, K. (2012): Fundamentals of Strategy, 2nd edition, England: Pearson Education. World Economic Outlook, 2014, International Monetary Fund, [Online] Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/update/01/pdf/infographic.pdf. [Accessed 14 April. 2014] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Internal and External Assessment China Eastern Air Holding Company" essay for you Create order

Different portrayals of women in Antigone and Lysistrata

The different portrayals of female characters Antigone and Lysistrata illustrate the fundamental nature of the proper Athenian woman. Sophocles Antigone allows the reader to see that outrage over social injustices does not give women the excuse to rebel against authority, while Aristophanes Lysistrata reveals that challenging authority in the polis becomes acceptable only when its faced with destruction through war. Sophocles and Aristophanes use different means to illustrate the same idea; the ideal Athenian womans ultimate loyalty lies with her polis. This Greek concept of the proper woman seems so vital when considering Athenian society because both a tragedy and comedy revolve around this concept. The differing roles accorded to†¦show more content†¦Lysistrata comes to the conclusion that the only way to save Athens from destruction in war comes with defiance of her husband. In her role of rebel within the family, Lysistrata decides to ...compel [her] husband to make pea ce by withholding sex from him until he stops his disastrous warring behavior (Lysistrata, 7). She concludes, ...there are a thousand ways of tormenting [him] that will lead to the ultimate safety of Athens (Lysistrata, 9). Unlike Antigone, Lysistrata realistically considers the possible consequences of her actions. She understands that the consequences of rebellion against her husband could be dire. Lysistrata recognizes that her husband might beat her or even rape her in order to get physical satisfaction, but she also realizes that her husband would, ...soon tire of the game theres no satisfaction for a man, unless a woman shares it (Lysistrata, 9). Lysistrata acknowledges that defying her husband will have consequences, but she chooses to realistically face those possible consequences, and continues knowing that her actions will benefit Athens. Aristophanes reveals that a womans greatest allegiance lies with her polis through Lysistratas role of rebel within her family to save A thens. Lysistrata takes the position of leader in her relationships with other women; she encourages her followers to fight for the betterment of their polis; thus, sheShow MoreRelatedComparison Of Euripides Antigone And Lysistrata1362 Words   |  6 Pagesduring the 5th century in ancient Athens. Antigone and Lysistrata both are two important, popular plays that contain a main character that was female. Although they can both be seen as very similar, they do differ in many ways. The most important difference between Antigone and Lysistrata is that Antigone has a community that does not approve of the main character’s plans and although they feel sympathy for her, they take the opposing side, while Lysistrata has a society of people that come togetherRead MoreEssay on The Lives of Athenian Women1880 Words   |  8 PagesWomen in classical Athens could not have had an extremely enjoyable experience, if we rely on literary sources concerning the roles of women within the Greek polis . The so-called Athenian democracy only benefited a fraction of the entire population. At least half of this population was female, yet women seem to have had very little influence and few official civic rights. `The position of women...is a subject which has provoked much controversy. (Lacey: 1968, 151). Studies concerning the

Micro Econ Free Essays

Describe the efficient market hypothesis and give a piece of evidence consistent with this theory. Markets operate efficiently when resources are fully employed and output is produced at lowest possible costs at quantities that correspond to rational consumer behavior. Market efficiency involves both productive and allocative efficiency. We will write a custom essay sample on Micro Econ or any similar topic only for you Order Now Productive efficiency is concerned with quantity of goods and services produced. It is achieved when it is impossible to increase output of one type of product without reducing the output of another product i.e. all resources are fully employed and the economy is operating on its production possibility curve. Allocative efficiency is achieved when the resources are allocated in the right proportions to produce different goods and services to give a product mix that reflects consumers’ preferences. (Grant, 2003) The term ‘efficient’ as used by economists simply means, ‘If price and quantity take anything other than their equilibrium values, a transaction that will make at least some people better off without harming others can always be found.’(Frank and Bernanke, 2001)   This is known as Pareto efficiency, named after the Italian economist, Vilfredo Pareto. It is a state whereby there is no way of making one party in a market better off without making the other party worse off. It is achieved when productive and allocative efficiency interacts. An efficient transaction creates an economic surplus. If a product sells below the market equilibrium price, it is not efficient. 2. The cleaning service firm Clean All plc increased its workers wages by 4% and it experienced an increase in its profits. How can this have happened? Increasing wages boosts workers’ productivity. Workers are also tempted to work for longer hours which also increase productivity. This results in higher profits and labor turnover is also significantly lowered. Even though wages are higher, the firm may not have significantly higher labor costs per unit of output. An employer’s reservation price for a worker is the most the employer could pay without suffering a decline in profit. In a perfectly competitive labor market, this price is the value of worker’s marginal product (VMP). A worker’s marginal product is the extra output the firm gets as a result of hiring that worker. Value marginal product is the net contribution the worker makes to the employer’s revenue i.e. result of multiplying the worker’s marginal product by the net price for which each unit of product sells. By reason of the law of diminishing returns, we know that the marginal product of labor, hence VMP, declines in the short run as the quantity of labor rises. The individual employer’s demand curve for labor, in this case Clean All plc may be shown as downward sloping function of wage rate. The supply curve of labor for any particular occupation is upward sloping. 3) Does on increase in saving lead to a higher standard of living? Why? Might a politician prefer not to try to introduce resources increase at the rate of saving? Yes, savings lead to higher standard of living. Savings are that part of current income that is not spent on current needs .Higher rates of saving today leads to faster accumulation of wealth and the wealthier an economic unit is (e.g. household or nation) the higher its standard of living in the future. Savings are mostly employed in financial investments e.g. government bonds or shares of stock in a corporation. These pay returns in form of interest payments, dividends or capital gains High returns are desirable of course   because the higher the return the faster ones savings grow. The rate of return most relevant is savings decision is the real interest rate i.e. the rate at which the real purchasing power of a financial asset increases over time .it is the market nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate. The real interest rate is relevant to savers because it is reward for savings. Empirical evidence suggests that higher real interest rates lead to increases in savings (Frank and Benanke, 2001). Politicians tend to benefit e.g. by gaining political mileage when the economy is favorable, thus they tend to exert a strong bias toward expansionary policy. What prevents politicians from implementing the expansionary policies is inflation at least to fear of generating on acceleration inflation. Inflation is a continuous rise in price level measured with price indexes. If money supply rises the price level will also rise. Inflation does not promote a favorable political environment. References Bernanke, B. and Frank, R. (2001): Principles of Economics .New York: McGraw-Hill Colander, D.C (2001): Economics, New York: McGraw Hill Companies. Eaton, B., Diane F. and Douglas W. (2002): Microeconomics.5th Edition: New York, Prentice Hall Mankiw, N. (2000): Principles of Microeconomics. London, South-Western Pub Prentice Ha Grant, S. J. (2003): Stan Lake’s Introduction Economics, 7th Edition. Harlow: Pearson’s Education ltd Ruffin, R. and Paul R. (2000): Principles of Microeconomics. New York, Addison Wesley How to cite Micro Econ, Essay examples

Augustine Medical Inc Case Study free essay sample

Augustine Medical, Inc. is a Minnesota corporation that develops and markets products for hospital operating rooms and postoperative recovery rooms. Company executives are now finalizing the marketing program a patient warming system, which is designed to treat postoperative hypothermia in the recovery room, called Bair Hugger Patient Warming System. It is specially designed to maintain body temperatures of patients recovering from surgery. The product consists of a heater/blower unit that is a large, square, boxlike structure that warms filters and blows air through a separate plastic cover. The unit is mounted on wheels for easy movement. A dial controls the temperature with one to four settings. Twelve warming blankets can be stored in a top loading bin for easy access. The disposable covers are packaged in 18-inch-long tubes. The blanket is made of a thin plastic layer and a layer plastic material laminated into full length channels. Inflated by a connection at the patients feet, the tubular structure arcs over the patient, and warm air flows over the patient. We will write a custom essay sample on Augustine Medical Inc Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The average warming time for a patient is two hours. The plastic cover is patented but the heater/blower unit is not. Target Market: The target market for this particular case study is hospitals with seven or greater recovery room beds. Target market makes up a total of 80% of all surgical operations in the United States. The Bair Hugger Patent Warming System is not a consumer product, in fact it is a device designed to control the body temperature of postoperative patients. The main users of this product would be businesses and hospitals. Hospitals will be in high demand as they are continuously trying to prevent diseases such as hypothermia. After completing interviews with nurses and physicians there were a great deal of responses. They believed that the Bair Hugger Patient Warming System would speed recovery for postoperative patients. They also believed that the pressure of moving patients from bed to bed was in the past. Competition: The Bair Hugger will exist in a highly competitive market. Currently, its most popular alternative is the traditional hospital blanket. These are safe, simple and at $0. 13 per pound, relatively inexpensive. There is no way of competing with this product on a cost basis, so ethical reasons such as increased patient comfort and increased recovery speed will be the main reasons for customers switching to the Bair Hugger. Water-circulating blankets are the next closest alternative. Although these products are popular, the technology has stagnated over previous years, with little product development. Considered to be slightly to moderately effective, the Bair Hugger is considered the more superior treatment. These products are priced at between $4850 and $5295, with the control system priced at $3000, with discounts of up to 40% ($1800). Reusable blankets are priced at around $200-$400, and disposable blankets are $25. In terms of direct competitors, â€Å"The Climator† made by British company Hosworth is expected to become available in the US within the next year. This reflects the need for Augustine Medical to price the product correctly at launch, so as not to be undercut by an experienced and well-established competitor. Market Potential: With approximately 21 million surgical operations in the US every year, and 60% to 80% of patients needing treatment for hypothermia, the market is a large one. There are 31,365 post op recovery rooms in the US. Research suggests that only hospitals with more than seven beds will be interested in purchasing the product. This leaves 12,546 beds. Research also suggested that one product would be needed for every eight beds. This means the market available to Augustine was, at most, 1568 purchases. This was an important factor in deciding the price of the system. It was also important to take into account the fact that any hospital purchase over $1500 was subject to a formal budget committee review, which the company or distributors would have no control over. It may be hard to convince these budget review panels of the need for the product, especially when they may already possess viable alternatives such as water-circulating blankets. Breakeven Analysis: The best way for Augustine Medical Inc. to determine their price is to carry out a breakeven analysis. This is done by finding their variable costs, fixed costs and predicted sales volume. Variable costs are calculated as estimates from subcontractors indicate that direct cost of the assembly of the heater/blower unit would be $380. The variable costs for the blankets are packaging of the plastic, cost of materials and manufacturing, which are $0. 85 per blanket which leaves a total variable cost of $380. 85. The fixed costs of the product are said to be covered by a $500,000 initial capitalization. Research indicates that there are 31,365 total postoperative beds in the United States. If one out of eight of these beds adopts the Bair Hugger system (as is believed to be possible in the case), the volume of sales will be 3,920 Bair Hugger Systems sold. Therefore, for the purposes of the break-even analysis, a sales volume of 3,920 will be used in this calculation.

Frankenstein Essays (458 words) - Frankenstein, Romanticism

Frankenstein In the story, Frankenstein, Victor (who is the main character) experiences many tragedies resulting from the creation of his Monster. One of which the leading cause, eventually pushing him to hunt down his creation is the guilt for which he feels for indirectly being the cause of the deaths of his family members, his only close friend (Henry), and the family housekeeper, Justine Moritz. Mary Shelly is noted for having incorporating her own experiences within the novel. In class, weve already discussed how Mary incorporated little bits of information in the story that related to her own experiences. Even though found many similarities between Victor and Marys experiences, we failed to discuss the guilt that, in my belief, both Mary and Victor had in common. Like Victor, many of Marys close relatives, friends \, and associates past away. From the deaths of her three children, the death of her biological mother, her husbands deceased first wife, and the death of her half-sister, Fanny (who took her own life), Mary too had many tragedies occur in her life. However, in class we failed to mention if Mary, like Victor, felt in any way responsible for any of these tragedies that occurred if she felt any guilt. A perfect example would be Percys first wife Harriet, who killed herself (probably because she couldnt bare the fact that her husband left her for another woman Mary). Another would be the death of her three children (who she could have felt some guilt, being that she was always traveling rather then being present at all times to tend for them, or maybe not taking the necessary precautions that an expectant mother should take). I strongly believe that Mary and Victor shared a similar guilt; Victor created a monster and Mary stole Percy from Harriet as well as provided absence in her home. It is well accepted that Mary wrote many pieces to Frankenstein as symbolism to what went on in her life as well as what was going on in history at the time she wrote it. I believe that she went on to include not only events, and descriptions of her many travels in the Eastern Hemisphere, but also incorporated her feelings and emotions as well (in this case, her guilt is just one of them). Again, Frankenstein is not only a gothic tale of horror, but is also a tale of symbolism, symbolic of an industrial period in history as well as the tragic life that Mary had encountered in the past and, what I believe, she would ironically come to encounter years after her book was published. Hence this is a great topic for discussion. Book Reports

What Is the Feminist Perspective of Isabella Essays

What Is the Feminist Perspective of Isabella Essays What Is the Feminist Perspective of Isabella Essay What Is the Feminist Perspective of Isabella Essay Elliot saying of her although highly strung in temperament, [Isabella] was a woman of great character and determination, she knew her own mind. I would therefore hypothesis that the feminist perspective of Isabella would be favorable and as a great woman of history. Lies portrays Isabella as a woman who knows exactly what she is doing and all her actions are purposeful and done to benefit her Interests. She saw Isabella as very aware of her Limitations as a female and thus presented herself and Ferdinand as equals to strengthen her Queens, hence Glenn It more power. Lies sees Isabella as a woman who was very pious and acted In many situations, such as the Reconstitutes of Granddad and the many other holy wars she embarked on, because she believed It was the will of god. Isabella used holy wars to justify her reign and enhance her power regularly, as was the situation when she declared war against Portugal, her piety and belief this was gods wish bought the Castling churches support and this was a key factor in her triumphing over the Archbishop of Toledo and Portugal. Lies believes that Isabella I of Castle is a global figure who has and shall continue to outlast her time period, she is still revered in many places in modern society-this is especially so in Spain. Heisenberg gives another feminist perspective on Isabella, one which is less favorable. Heisenberg argues that she gives herself such a heroic reputation by editing the chronicles and therefore portraying herself as a strong woman, miscalculating herself, and missing Henry IV-her predecessor- making her seem Spains rescuer. Isabella diminishes Henry greatly, depicting him as a monster, insinuating that he had Illicit relationships with Bellman De la Guava and Joanna of Portugal and that he Was not all man. Pelican is a chronicler which Heisenberg brings to attention, he became uncomfortable with writing the chronicles with rose tinted spectacles and began to write for Ferdinand, he contradicts what most of chronicles of the time say and Insults women. He describes women as weak creatures prompted by desire, that they were masters of deception and pretence, Indirectly insulting Isabella and dismissing all the writings of her being a strong independent ruler. The fact that Heisenberg has Introduced this alternate view on Isabella shows how she does not fully agree that Isabella was a picture perfect queen, as the majority of chronicles would have you believe. On the contrary, another chronicler Vulgar consistently wrote In favor of Isabella pronouncing her as willful, strong and controlling by her own discretion. Hellbender still considers these two pollens and looks at other evidence that shows of how Isabella attempted to change peoples Image of her, for example she carried an unsheathed sword ahead of her at her coronation, a phallic symbol, which again masculine her to give her more power and respect from those whom she ruled over, such as the Cortes, and her enemies to show her strength. Isabella is said to have patriarchal views of authority and centralism, and as such had to portray herself as a masculine figure, capable of ruling a country and leading it to victory and loggers seems to ample Isolable never seen appears to Delves much success. Of the empowering, admirable characteristics of her were either emphasized or completely fabricated in chronicles edited by her to ensure she was remembered with respect and admiration. Both Lies and Heisenberg have similarities in their views, both agreeing that Isabella edited the chronicles, however Heisenberg seems to think they were more than altered slightly to give a more favorable view. Linked to this they also believe that she was clearly wise in the way of image making, both in he chronicles and in her time period she altered her image to ensure people thought of her as she wished. Isabella piety is reflected in both of their views, both proclaiming that she imitated both Mary and John the Baptist-believing she had Gods favor. They are also undisputed in the conviction that she had to beat the Archbishop of Toledo in order to become successful. Personally I believe that, like Lies, Isabella was successful and had very admirable qualities and that she was indeed pious. However I do think that although she may have believed that she was doing Gods will in some cases such as the Reconstitutes, the war against Portugal and the Archbishop of Toledo I believe she claimed it was a holy war to gain support in a strongly Roman Catholic Spain as she was a very tactile, intelligent woman. I agree with Heisenberg that she was continuously trying to portray herself as masculine to give her more control and power. I am unanimous with Heisenberg and Lies that Isabella did edit the chronicles to seem more favorable to her.

Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chemistry - Essay Example One expects them to be the same and hence have similar properties which is not the case for example Ethyl alcohol has higher boiling point, the have different solubilities in water. ii) Burning wood leaves an ash that is only a small fraction of the mass of the original wood but according to Dalton, all matters is composed of extremely small indivisible and indestructible particles called atoms and chemicals changes are merely rearrangements of these atoms to form new compounds, the total number of atoms (and mass) remaining constant throughout. iv) According to Dalton, when elements combine to form compounds, they do so in proportion, which for any particular compound, are simple and fixed. Thus since the atoms any element have always the same mass, it follows that the proportion by mass of various elements in the compound are also fixed, which is not the case in liH since one sample is 89.4% of li by mass whereas the other is 74.9% li by

Ethical dilemmas are everywhere in finance Research Paper

Ethical dilemmas are everywhere in finance - Research Paper Example An interesting aspect of this dilemma is to understand what is considered ethical and what is not. Finance by its very nature propagates the theory of maximization of profits. Why would anyone culminate a financial transaction if there was nothing to gain out of it? Now to decide how much to earn and by what means to earn is the most interesting facet of this dilemma. In theory, an organization is considered to be an entity that works for the benefit of its shareholders. The employees of the firm are thus assumed to be the representatives of this entity. They work on the various financial models to look for avenues which have minimum risk and maximum return. The financial theory also states that people are averse to taking risk. Hence, an investment in a risky proposition would mean that the investor is expecting an above average return. Riskier the proposition, higher the return expected. But the amount of risk to be taken is something that the investor needs to understand. Another concept in financial management is that of the Net Present Value (NPV). A firm should invest only in those assets or projects which have a positive NPV. All these concepts are interlinked with the fact that ethical dilemmas will continue to haunt the stakeholders at all points of decision making while running an organization. The various theories of finance can tell what the best options to maximize returns are, but ethics relate to the means that are used to achieve those ends. This is the most important aspect of this topic. The figures used in finance require an ethical basis to produce positive and sustainable results. Let us see how this dilemma exists in the present market. Discussion of Financial irregularities that lead to the recent global crisis (Kolb 2010) One of the stark examples of financial irregularity and unethical activities can be seen in the recent financial crisis of 2008 which is considered to be the biggest financial depression since the depression of 1930â₠¬â„¢s. This has been attributed to the emergence of complicated financial instruments called CDOs which are traded through investment banks. Investment banks, unlike the normal banks which give out loans and have adequate deposits to cover them, do not need to keep any deposits. They collect all the mortgage backed securities (MBS) and sell them to investors after securitization. Kolb (2010) explains the process of lending that takes place in the mortgage market in the figure below. The figure shows the origin to distribute model (OTD) which was being applied in the industry before the financial crisis occurred. As per this model, the originators of the loans were not there holders unlike in the normal banking loans scenario. Ethical dilemmas at borrower level (Kolb 2010 and Stich n.d) Kolb (2010) observed that most of the borrowers never had any intentions of paying their principal amounts. Ethical issues cropped at all the links in the model. The first level of unethical financial dealing started at the borrowers level itself. In a normal banking scenario a borrower has access to only those loans and interest rates which are commensurate with the risk he has been associated with by the lender ( the banker in this case). However, in the OTD model, the originator of the loan gives the borrower options of varied interest rates and EMI payments by overlooking their actual credit worthiness because the originator is

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 102

Essay Example The geographical location of Johns Hopkins School of Medicine is Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. Johns Hopkins School of Medicine is an arm of Johns Hopkins University and is mainly popular for giving medical related educational programs and its involvement in medical researches. It is one of the highest rated medical graduate schools in the United States of America. Johns Hopkins School of Medicine was founded by famous medical professionals including William Henry Welch who was a pathologist, William Osler who was an internist, William Stewart Halsted who was a surgeon, and Howard Atwood Kelly who was a gynecologist (Grauer 165). Johns Hopkins School of Medicine is one of the highest rated medical higher learning institutions in terms of their performance in medical researches. Ithas been impressive in medical studies in the past four years. It has in a very long period been ranked amongst the best three research oriented medical higher learning institutes in the United States of America. This is something that can attract any nurse that is willing to further their education. One thing about medical related professions is that they highly rely on findings from researches and studies (Flynn and Longmore 211). As a nurse getting a chance to further your education at an institution whose prowess in medical researches has been proved is something that does not require any second thoughts. Another thing that is notable about the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine is that it has a team of highly capable teaching staff. In medical professions the skills and experience of instructors usually matters allot. This does not only matter in nursing, but also in other profession. At Johns Hopkins School of Medicine hiring of instructors and lecturers is always done on the virtue of the merits. Most of the lecturers who have been accorded contracts are people who have proved their ability in developing highly

Goals and Objectives of Systems Analysis and Design

Goals and Objectives of Systems Analysis and Design Assignment-1 Q1. Describe what Systems Analysis and design is. What are the major goals and objectives? Answer: Definition: Information System Analysis and Design is method to develop and maintain the system that perform basic business functions. The analysis and design are mainly base on understanding business objectives and processes. Goal: The overall goal of System Analysis is to study procedural components and modules. The goal of System Designis to design whole software, which fulfils all the requirements of customer.This leads to improve organizational systems, by applying software, which helps employees to perform business, tasks more effectively. Example: Banking Earlier days all the processes of banks used to done manually or through paper work which was time-consuming. While nowadays with the help of new technology and proper analysis and design, everyone can do banking transactions easily and faster. Objectives: 1) To determine specific needs of system. 2) Discuss approaches and tasks of system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3) Evaluate tools and techniques.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4) Use appropriate methods and techniques to design software. Q2. Choose three sources of software. Describe the sources and explain why a project might use each source. Answer: The three sources of software are: Information Technology Services Firms, Cloud Computing, Open-Source Software. Information Technology Services Firms: When a company needs information system but does not have enough resources or expertise to develop system on its own and not suitable for off-the-shelf system, Information Technology Service Firms help to develop customized information system. IT service firms helps in developing, hosting and running applications. Firm consultants use many of the same processes, methods, tools and techniques that companies use to develop in-house systems. The examples of such IT firms are IBM, HP, Accenture, Wipro, Infosys and more†¦ REASONS TO CHOOSE Information Technology service Firms: Latest technology can be use through outsourcing company to IT service firms. Internal staff of company may have limited resources available with them while IT service staff can have many multiple resources available which increases Productivity as well as Flexibility. Cloud Computing: Cloud Computing refers to provision of applications where software is license and maintain by third party. Customers can use software through virtual private networks or Internet. Most popular example of cloud computing is Google Apps and Microsoft. Helps in maintaining hardware and software systems more effectively. Data can be retrieve easily through just setting connections to Internet. REASONS TO CHOOSE Cloud Computing: Cost structure of cloud computing is more flexible than traditional methods. Accessing speed of software can be increase. Once storing data/information on cloud server, we can access data from anywhere and at any time. Open-Source Software: The software in which source code is freely available is likely to be termed as OPEN-SOURCE software. Source code of open-source software can be easily modify by anyone. Such softwares are developed and maintain by group of people.   REASONS TO CHOOSE Open-Source Software: Open source software can be easily customize as per user requirement. When company faces costs issues in arranging software, Open-Source Software is best option to take. Best example of open source software is Linux and Firewall. Q3. Explain in your own words how you would convince your client to taking on custom software development vs. consider purchasing an off-the-shelf software solution. Answer: Custom Software Development: The software, which is design and develop for some specific purpose for user or company. Off-the-shelf Software: They are the software, which can be purchase and are ready to use for public. E.g. Microsoft Office. Basically, it is a Build or Buy choice for organization (whether to build custom software or to purchase off-the shelf software). No doubt, Off-the-shelf software are initially good in saving time and money but later on they are quite difficult to manage and customize as they are bound with their rigid features while on other hand Custom Software Development requires high cost for the development but at the same time they are more flexible in compare to off-the-shelf softwares as Custom Softwares can be transform as per changing requirements of business or client. Many times, it happens that we have to pay for the features, which are of no use to client or firm in Off-the-shelf software, so instead of paying money for unwanted features it is better to invest that amount in developing Custom Software. Hence, Custom Software is long-term benefit while Off-The-Shelf is short-term benefit. References: Textbook (Essential of System Analysis and Design).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Power point slides. LINKS: http://www.corpcomputerservices.com/articles/outsourcing- https://www.headspring.com/blog/2016-03-10/cots-vs-custom-top-5-

Development of Emotional Intelligence (EI) :: Management Business Work Leadership Essays

The development of Emotional Intelligence requires a recognition of one's own strengths and limitations, an exploration of how current decisions are framed through beliefs and prior experiences, and the actualisation of potential by using the greater self knowledge gained. However, in a report by the Institute of Management (2002) research showed that the quality of leadership in the workplace was poor. Further, the research reinforces a positive relationship between financial turnover and the priority given to leadership development (Institute of Management, 2002). Fifty-five percent of those questioned gave the characteristic of being inspiring as the most important attribute of leadership, but only eleven percent say they are witnessing it at work. Inspiration could be defined as the extent to which a leader stimulates enthusiasm amongst subordinates for the work of the group, and says things to build their confidence in their ability to successfully perform assignments and attain group objectives. In those organisations that do invest in bringing out the potential of their leaders it could be argued that a focus on working relationships could be considered most valuable. Again, it could be argued that self-and-other awareness is a prerequisite for developing these working relationships. In today’s younger managers, knowledge and ambition are identified as traits that are not valued leadership qualities (Institute of Management, 2001). The research by the Institute of Management goes on to say that a majority of executives favoured a model of leadership in which the leaders main role is to create a sense of purpose and a central vision or set of goals, and then help bring out the potential of others around them to achieve such goals (Institute of Management 2001). In times of economic change where there is a run down of the old structure of commerce, new fields of commerce are sought, in part, by innovation. Innovation can be seen as the "successful exploitation of new ideas" (The Scottish Office, 1996). To help exploit new ideas we need inspiring leaders. Leadership’s underlying constructs are inspiration and individualised consideration, entailing shifts in the beliefs, needs and values of the followers (Fiedler, 1996). The transforming leaders' behaviours emanate from deeply held beliefs and values, such as justice and integrity (Fiedler, 1996). Fiedler (1996) argues that past research into leadership has been focused on traits and abilities, and that the most important lesson over the past forty years is that the leadership of groups and organisations is a highly complex interaction between the individual and the social and task environment.

Leonardo Da Vinci and Pierre Renoir Comparative Essay

The two renowned artists Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) and Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) are both good role models for the progressing art society but when comparing these two gifted men it is evident that their artworks both relinquish a different message to the viewers and are portrayed using different art techniques and equipment. Leonardo, born to be known as the archetype of a Renaissance man, was an Italian painter, inventor, mathematician, writer, and engineer. He was explicitly known for his realistic, geometrically designed and religiously inspired paintings. Renoir, however, was a French man who devoted his life to introduce the impressionist style to the art community. As a true worshiper of natural beauty and feminine aura, Renoir’s painting symbolized the entire liveliness of French culture and European scenes. Leonardo’s style of painting was influenced greatly during the formation of the Renaissance period that first emerged in Italy during the 14th to the 17th century. It was a new era in which European scholars craved for greater knowledge of medieval times and Italy was their primary source for it contained the great art and architecture of Rome and held manuscripts that scholars studied to learn the lives of the early Romans and Greek. Thus most themes of Leonardo’s paintings portray religious beliefs and mythology. Its art revolved in finished images comparable to reality and the colours conservative, brush strokes concealed, leaving no trace of the artist’s emotions or techniques. Impressionism, however, opposed the entire concept of Renaissance art. Initiated by French artist, Claude Monet during the late 1870’s in France and soon followed by more painters one of which leading them is Pierre Auguste Renoir, conflicted the techniques of French art Schools and ignored their Euclidian perspectives and took advantage of the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution brought the popularity of the camera, metal tubes were invented and so paint was achieved in a fast yet cheap way, people had more leisure time and places such as parks, malls, stores, circuses were easily established. Painters like Auguste Renoir had more subject matters and the opportunity to paint and observe the fleeting moment of light outside instead of relying on their memory and paint inside a studio. Most of Leonardo’s buyers are wealthy church organizations such as the Catholic Church that value realism as they will use them as either for cathedral decorations or another image worthy for worshiping. During the Renaissance period, if a patron is willing to buy for an artwork, he or she controls the subject matter, the completion date, the materials used and a set payment. Artists were also required to show preliminary plans to be approved by the patron before the actual artwork was painted. Renoir, however, had buyers that appreciated his colorful artworks for the purpose of house decorations or family portraits. Artists like Renoir had more liberty in exhibiting and selling their works. Artists like Renoir painted outdoors and so people had the chance to observe how they capture the scenery in front of them thus, making it easier for them to be recognised. Renoir and Leonardo share different subject matters in their paintings yet they both possess the ability to dazzle the viewer. Leonardo’s inspiration revolved mostly in religion which he greatly portrays in â€Å"St John the Baptist† where St John wears pellets and animal skin while holding loosely a reed staff with a cross at one end and uses his right hand to point up a feminine hand to heaven. On the other hand, Renoir’s passion relied on his deep adoration for feminine sensuality which he greatly conveys in â€Å"Nude in Lanscape† where a raven, shoulder length haired, naked woman sits on a rock covered with a long white sheet that she also uses to wipe her left ankle. The woman’s body is facing sideways but her whole face is seen as she looks downward on the withering grasses. The scene is in a tiny forest during a lazy Sunday afternoon. Upon thoroughly studying these two artworks it is evident that the two artists use different colour schemes and art techniques in order to show the theme of their artwork. Leonardo portrays St John’s wavy, curled hair in an intense reddish brown colour to imply shadows while a neutralized pinkish brown to show a tint of shininess. Leonardo also provides an empty, darkish background to achieve negative space in order to enhance his use of chiaroscuro on St John’s face and right arm. St John’s innocent, auburn eyes are darkened due to the heavy amount of yellow light coming from the foreground. St John’s pale lips are curled enigmatically giving the viewer the impression of whether he is pure good or evil. Renoir, on the other hand, uses a dark brown colour with short strokes of a midnight blue colour instead of black to darken it. Renoir provides a vibrant background by using a cool orange to show shadows from the overlapping grasses and warm yellow to show the effects of light on the tree trunks and the withering grasses. The neutralized green on the tree’s foliage recede. The woman’s body is yellowish due to the amount of yellow light but her face is darkened. The highlights on her body are white. He uses cool purple to show shadows on the white sheet and the shallowness of the lake while a warm red on her body especially on her chubby breasts, slender back and rosy cheeks to create a sense of form. It also makes the cool colours contrast with warm colours. The artist’s however both use gestural lines to implicate movement but have used them in different areas of their paintings. Leonardo uses gestural lines to show the liveliness of St John’s hair and contour lines to impeccably form St John’s realistic face, muscular right arm and while using the technique sfumato (which means applying translucent layers of colours) Leonardo was able to achieve a feeling of a three dimensional shape to the viewer finished with a smooth surface. In contrast to Renoir who uses short, thick, gestural lines to show the continuous movement of his brush strokes in the entire painting providing a simulated texture. He applies wet paint to wet paint without waiting for the successive applications to dry, producing softer edges and intermingling of complementary colours Leonardo and Renoir share equal importance for how balanced light and dark are in their paintings. The intense dark background and the vibrancy of ellow light on St John’s face and arm provides a symmetrical balance and value contrast that can easily make St John’s face the emphasis and focal area. Conversely, Renoir uses the trees surrounded by deep shadows to poise the woman’s plump body in an asymmetrical balance of visual elements. Her face like St John also is the focal area in which the strongest light and dark value contrasts. St John the Baptist and Nude in Landscape are both oil paintings. But St John the Baptist was painted on walnut wo od using tempera paints while Nude in Landscape was painted on canvas using the average metal tube paints. St John’s pointing gesture towards the heavens shows the complete message of the painting that baptism which St John symbolizes is important in order for a human being to gain salvation. In Nude in Landscape, Renoir has the sole intention of conveying to the viewer his great love for portraying nude women and how he sees the fleeting changes of light on their tender flesh. Leonardo’s passion for portraying religious characters or biblical matters showed the world the great importance of religion and how it should never be forgotten. He portrays his figures in a realistic manner to show viewers his great understanding of the human anatomy and how science and its necessity for thorough observation are related to art. Renoir, however, paints not to share a message to the world but rather show people the majestic effects of light in everything and to remind people that art is not a competition for talent, observation and fame but rather a deep visual expression for one’s perspectives and feelings in life.

Graduate Admissions Interviews with Current Grad Students

Graduate Admissions Interviews with Current Grad Students Graduate school interviews are challenging and make even the most qualified applicants nervous. Interviews are most common in graduate programs offering doctoral and professional degrees. Dont fret if a few weeks pass after the application deadline and you have heard nothing from the graduate program. Not all graduate programs interview applicant finalists. If you are invited for an interview, however, remember its dual purposes. Interviews offer graduate programs the opportunity to meet you, consider you as a person apart from your application, and evaluate your fit to the program. Many applicants focus so much on pleasing the admissions committee that they forget that interviews serve a second purpose - to determine if the graduate program is right for you. Keep your own interests in mind as you visit the campus and participate in the interview. Evaluate the graduate program to determine if it will meet your training needs. Prepare for a Range of Interviewers As you prepare for your interview consider the various people you will meet and plan accordingly. For each, consider what they are looking for. We have discussed common questions to expect from professors and admissions committees as well as appropriate questions to ask them. Many applicants, however, do not realize that graduate students  usually have a role in admissions decisions. Certainly, they do not make the decisions themselves but they provide input and faculty usually trust and value their input. Graduate students might interview applicants one-on-one or in groups. They will ask about your research interests, with which faculty youd most like to work, and your ultimate career goals. Prepare Questions for Current Graduate Students Its easy to forget your dual purposes in interviewing, but keep in mind your goal of learning whether the graduate program is a good match to you. Current graduate students are a very important source of information. Ask questions to learn about the following: About Coursework: What is the coursework like? Do all entering graduate students take the same classes? Are enough classes offered? About Professors: Who are the most active professors?  Who works with students? Do one or two professors take on a great many students? Are any professors only on the books? That is, do any professors travel so extensively or teach classes so infrequently that they are unavailable to students? Take care in asking this. Living Conditions: Where do students live? Are there adequate housing opportunities? Is housing affordable? What is the community like? Do students need cars? Is there parking? Research: Ask grad students about their research interests (theyll likely enjoy talking about their work). How much independence are they afforded? Do they work primarily on faculty research or are they encouraged and supported in developing their own lines of research? Do they present their work at conferences? Do they receive funding to travel and present at conferences? Do they publish with faculty? How do students acquire mentors? Are mentors assigned? Dissertation: What is the typical dissertation like? What are the steps to completing a dissertation? Is it simply a proposal and defense or are there other opportunities to check in with the dissertation committee? How do students choose committee members? How long do most students take to complete the dissertation? Is there funding for dissertations? Funding: How do they fund their studies? Do most students get funding? Are there opportunities for assistantships, research or teaching? Do students work as adjunct instructors at the college or at nearby colleges? Do any students work outside of school? Is outside work permitted? Is there an official or unofficial ban on graduate students working off-campus? Climate: Do students spend time together after class? Is there a sense of competitiveness? Remember Your Place Remember that graduate students might not be able to answer all of these questions. Tailor your questions to the situation and the openness of the students with whom you are interviewing. Above all, it is critical to remember that your graduate student interviewers are not your friends. They will relay most or all of the conversation to the admissions committee. Avoid negativity. Dont curse or use vulgar language. Sometimes applicants may be invited to a social event, such as a party or gathering at a bar. Consider this an opportunity to learn about relationships among graduate students. Remember, however, that they are not your friends. Dont drink. If you must, one. Youre being studied and evaluated even if theyre friendly. Not to make you paranoid but the reality is that you are not yet peers. There is a power differential that you need to recognize and respect.

Literature Review Sample on Adolescent Depression as a Mental Disorder of Modern Era

Literature Review Sample on Adolescent Depression as a Mental Disorder of Modern Era A literature review is a kind of academic work that aims to cover information, evaluate, and summarize knowledge on a specific subject by collecting already written items dedicated to a literature review topic of the selected investigation and analyzing them in accordance with the chosen issue. As the style of the work requires particular knowledge regarding a scientific problem, the paper has to be conducted in an academic manner relying mostly on arguments, key points, discussions, and conclusions of the selected references. A literature review can be either a stand-alone work type or a section included in a research paper, essay, thesis, or other variants of academic genres. The significance of this type of research paper consists of revealing and assembling the main notions and ideas of various authors. Aside from merely collecting the published discoveries in certain scientific areas, literature review purports to summarize and systematize the gathered concepts into a clear, coherent, and comprehensible paper. Such a method of developing a scientific thought allows researchers to reevaluate and reinterpret discoveries concerning a specific issue that helps other investigators not to start their works from the beginning but to base them on the already proved arguments. Besides, literature reviews are useful regarding teaching students how to collect the needed pieces of information, search for credible sources, and summarize their most important aspects. ‘Adolescent Depression as a Mental Disorder of Modern Era’ Review Sample Depression is a form of mental disorder that implies the presence of such symptoms like irritation, constant, prevailing, and unexplained sadness, changes in appetite, weight, a decreased interest in life, boredom, lack of motivation to lead an active lifestyle. The fact that other symptoms relate closely to one another creates a firm dependence of mental health on physiological conditions. The significance of investigating adolescent depression has been set as a central part of this work because contemporary scientific methods allow other researchers to discover the most successful solutions to the issue. This review aims to gather and analyze the information on the origins of teen depression, its impact on society, and variants suggesting how to deal with this global problem. Etiology of Adolescent Depression The etiology of adolescent depression relies on the same psychological and physiological backgrounds as adult depression that enables scholars to claim that there is no vivid difference between these two manifestations of oppressed mental state. According to Clayborne, Varin, and Colman: â€Å"Depression is highly prevalent in adolescence, with conservative estimates suggesting up to 12.5% of 12- to 17-year-olds experience symptoms of a major depressive episode in a 12-month period† (72). Thus, the problem is considered a large-scale and global phenomenon that occurs on a daily basis in all regions of the world notwithstanding cultural peculiarities, economy, and geographical position. Nevertheless, due to recent research, â€Å"depression and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents can be prevented. A number of recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses support the efficacy of existing preventive programs† (Cardamone-Breen et al. para. 9). Proceeding from this s tatement, it is essential that either adult or adolescent depression is a mental disorder that can be averted. Whereas physiological constituent can be only treated as a result of biological processes in the human organism, a psychological component is regarded as entirely preventable. Physiological origins of this mental issue can be explained by appealing to the biological processes engendering the decrease of vital hormones like endorphin, serotonin, or adrenaline that may result in the appearance of oppressed physical states. The Need for Preventative Programs to Deal with Depression As new investigations claim, preventative programs and services dealing with the consequences of depression do allow experts to alleviate the most severe symptoms of depression and even cure a patient completely. Owing to the findings discovered by Neufeld et al., â€Å"14-year-old adolescents who had contact with mental health services in the past year had a greater decrease in depressive symptoms than those without contact (adjusted coefficient −1 ·68, 95% CI −3 ·22 to −0 ·14; p=0 ·033)† (120). Specifically, teens under the age of sixteen are claimed to be treated easier than more psychologically developed adolescents. As the investigations report, when children visit mental health services, they are less likely to be subject to depressive states. Subsequently, similar preventative health care programs are being founded not only to deal with the initial stages of depressive syndromes but also to treat the consequences. The Role of Substance Addiction as a Cofactor of Depression Furthermore, the problem of adolescent depression can be aggravated by substance addiction that is closely related to the issue of mental health disorders. A new statistical study of the correlation between addictions and depressive syndromes affirms that adolescents with depressions have extremely high risks of being addicted to drugs (Mason et al. 1-2). Having investigated 248 urban adolescents, the researchers concluded that health care programs for teens are helpful in most cases of early treatment. Provided that a child appeals to similar programs at the earliest stages of substance addiction, the chance to solve the issue depends on the time spent with psychiatrists and experts in narcology. The earlier psychological assistance is supplied, the more successful is the treatment. However, even though the connection between substance addiction and depressive states among adolescents is reported to be evident, yet scholars agree that the lack of socialization, parental care, and re lationships with peers are contributing to the emergence of mental health disorders more significantly. In the statistical experiment conducted by Breton and other researchers with the purpose of defining how many adolescents are prone to depressive states or already possessing them, the results appeared to be astonishingly positive because the majority of examined children were proved to having no depression. Thus, the investigation demonstrates that: â€Å"Among the 283 adolescents from the community, 70 (25%) were found to have light-to-severe depression and the other 213 (75%) had no depression. Among the 119 adolescents from the clinical population, 71 (60%) were found to have severe depression† (Breton et al. 11). Without a doubt, the numbers in various statistics are severely dependent on the territory where the experiment took place because different political regimes, societal states, climatic conditions on par with many other influential factors are having a serious impact on similar results. Adolescents, being not psychologically and physiologically formed, tend to absorb the ambient conditions within which they are educated. Subsequently, in the cases when children are upbrought in the unpleasant psychological environment, the studies show that the risks of being subject to depressive states become higher. Depression and Suicidal Inclinations Apart from the already-mentioned aspects regarding depression in adolescents, it is substantial to underline the connection of melancholic conditions with the appearance of suicidal thoughts. The newest research warns that adolescents, who spent more time on social media and electronic devices like smartphones, were more likely to report mental health disorders, and adolescents who spent more time on non-screen activities (in-person social interaction, print media, sports/exercise, and attending religious services) were less likely (Twenge et al. 3). Grounding hypotheses on the functioning of modern social media, scholars have reached a consensus that the time spent using smartphones, computers, and other anti-social activities are negatively contributing to the emergence of depressive syndromes, whereas outdoor activities including sports are alleviating the onsets of mental disorders. Owing to recent advancements in technological evolution, adolescents tend to employ gadgets to communicate with each other instead of meetings in reality. This situation often results in subdued and despondent mental conditions. Peer Victimization and Its Impact on Adolescent Depression Another issue concerning the etiology of depression in the adolescent period is peer victimization that occurs in all schools without exceptions. According to some researchers: â€Å"Adolescent peer victimization was associated with immediate and delayed elevations in anxiety and depression. The early intervention aimed at identifying and supporting victimized adolescents may prevent the development of these disorders† (Stapinski et al. 105-106). Investigations confirm that bullying at schools is one of the most rewarding issues that is causing inequalities among peers. Besides, such inequalities are directly leading to the appearance of depressions among those teenagers who become the target of victimization. The authors of scientific articles on psychology are certain that bullying affects the perception of normality and justice aiming to reduce the feeling of importance in a teenager’s attitude towards oneself. The lack of positive self-esteem and the absence of acce ptance among peers is a crucial factor that brings forward many other problems ensuing from the realization of non-adoption. Sleep problems, oppressed psychological state, and other concomitant issues are thought to be triggered by either peer or domestic violence exposure. Kliewer and Lepore summarize the data collected during the experiment on cognitive processes of adolescents who have witnessed violence: â€Å"Participants were 362 early adolescents (Mage = 12.45 years, SD = 0.59; range 11–14 years; 48.9 % male; 51 % Latino/a; 34 % black) from urban communities enrolled in a middle-school-based intervention study on the east coast of the United States† (507). In terms of this research, the majority of respondents have affirmed the fact of either observing violence or being an object of violence. As a result, scholars come to terms that there is a direct relation between witnessing violence and the aggravation of depressive syndromes. Familial Bonds as Protective Measures Different investigations have concluded that love and acceptance within families protect children from depressive states. As Cupito, Stein, and Gonzalez substantiate: â€Å"Past studies document that Latino familial cultural values (i.e., familism, affiliative obedience, and filial obligation) protect against depressive symptoms and promote academic resilience in adolescence† (1638). Nonetheless, the same research claims that even though Hispanic families are famous for traditional values, the problem is that there is gender discrimination, regarding which, female adolescents report being obliged to more household activities and possessing fewer freedoms than males. Gender disparities are one of the most spread issues causing teen depressions among the oppressed individuals. In the research based on 179 Latino adolescents, 52.9% of which comprise females in the age of fourteen, the authors of the article underline the aspect of gender inequalities in various cultures implying patriarchal standpoints. At any rate, the statistical data convince scholars of the necessity of educational programs for ethnic groups who live under unpleasant circumstances. In addition, the newest studies illustrate that there is an urgent need for establishing institutions that are helping discriminated individuals to cope with the aftermaths of gender stereotypes and biased attention. The overviewed works evidence the negative impact of domestic violence, school bullying, victimization, lack of socialization, acceptance, and understanding of parents for adolescent’s part. All the listed factors are significantly contributing to the proliferation of their depression, poor academic success, and performance at school, substance addiction, and the progression of suicidal inclinations. Owing to the innovative technological progress, gadgets are becoming more popular among teenagers, so the depression in the current era is a modernized mental disorder provoked by anti-socialization and the lack of evaluation amongst peers. The literature review has combined academic papers with relatively similar concepts to prove the need for establishing official institutions specializing in psychological assistance. Consequently, this literature review has been conducted with an aim to investigate and assemble the selected pieces of information regarding the cause and effect o f adolescent depressive states that is expected to bring into action more scientists involved in the studies and prevention of similar issues. The present literature review sample demonstrates how the key concepts and purposes of this type of academic work are functioning. Use the given literature review topic as an example and piece of referral information. Precisely this work type should combine a specialized methodological search for a strictly limited circle of papers dedicated to a single subject. One of its main aims consists of summarizing the selected data to illustrate a distinguished standpoint that is likely to be helpful for future investigations. Adolescent depression is a ubiquitous and serious issue for experts in psychology to deal with, seeing that numbers of accompanying problems like suicide, violence, and substance addiction are causing not only mental problems but often bring lethal outcomes both for children and adults. This sample aims to cover the significant information on the selected subject to reveal its highlights and thereby induce scholars to activate more investigations. Breton, Jean-Jacques, et al. â€Å"Protective Factors Against Depression and Suicidal Behaviour in Adolescence.† Can J Psychiatry, vol. 60, no. 2, ser. 1, Feb. 2015, pp. 5–15. 1. Cardamone-Breen, Mairead, et al. â€Å"A Single-Session, Web-Based Parenting Intervention to Prevent Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Disorders: Randomized Controlled Trial.† J Med Internet Res, vol. 20, no. 4, Apr. 2018. Clayborne, Zahra, et al. â€Å"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Adolescent Depression and Long-Term Psychosocial Outcomes.† Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 58, no. 1, 2018, pp. 72–79. Elsevier. Cupito, Alexandra, et al. â€Å"Familial Cultural Values, Depressive Symptoms, School Belonging and Grades in Latino Adolescents: Does Gender Matter?† Journal of Child and Family Studies, vol. 24, no. 6, June 2015, pp. 1638–1649. Kliewer, Wendy, and Stephen Lepore. â€Å"Exposure to Violence, Social Cognitive Processing Sleep Problems in Urban Adolescents.† Journal of Youth and Adolescence, vol. 44, no. 2, Feb. 2015, pp. 507–517. Mason, Michael, et al. â€Å"Adolescent Depression and Substance Use: the Protective Role of Prosocial Peer Behavior.† Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Dec. 2018, pp. 1–10. Springer. Neufeld, Sharon, et al. â€Å"Reduction in Adolescent Depression after Contact with Mental Health Services: a Longitudinal Cohort Study in the UK Author Links Open Overlay Panel.† The Lancet Psychiatry, vol. 4, no. 2, Feb. 2017, pp. 120–127. Stapinski, Lexine, et al. â€Å"Peer Victimization during Adolescence: Concurrent and Prospective Impact on Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety.† Anxiety, Stress, Coping, vol. 28, no. 1, Oct. 2013, pp. 105–120. Twenge, Jean, et al. â€Å"Increases in Depressive Symptoms, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and Suicide Rates Among U.S. Adolescents After 2010 and Links to Increased New Media Screen Time.† Clinical Psychological Science, vol. 6, no. 1, 2018, pp. 3–17.

Mediation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Mediation - Research Paper Example In this form of mediation, the mediators drive the conflicting parties’ attention to focus on what drivers of conflict exist in their situation (Moore, 2014). This enables the parties to understand overt issues and go beyond them to the deep root causes of the conflict that they may not understand including the parties respective position in the conflict. The abstract needs that the individuals in a conflict have are the interest that should be focused on at this. As such the mediation seeks to have a bargain that will satisfy these interests. The process, substantive, relationship and principle interests as ell need to be included in order for a successful mediation. An example of integrative mediation is the case of divorce where partners share the wealth and children have access to both parents. It does not consider the betrayal, heart break that made of the parties seek divorce. Distributive approach of mediation on the other hand can be understood as competitive mediation that where the parties in conflict seeks to distribute the pie amongst them (Moore, 2014). It is often described as a zero sum exchange since the parties tend to believe that whatever it is that one side gains the other side loses. It is therefore position focused where the involved parties move from position to another to reach an agreement. Several compromises based on the shifts in positions through the mediations take place until an agreement is reached. In the distributive approach of mediation, agreements are normally reached after a compromise leading to a mid point is achieved. This are typically from the first positions or demands set out by the conflicting parties in the onset of the mediation. However this offers made are considered reasonable by the other party in the conflict and as such may not consider any bargaining parameters for negotiation (Moore, 2014). An example is in the case

Liquefied Natural Gas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Liquefied Natural Gas - Essay Example The machines that add most to the capital cost include the pumps, compressors, furnace, heat exchangers, vessels, towers, and trays. All these are required to begin the operation of the plant; therefore, they contributed to the fixed costs of the fall semester. For easier analysis, the capital costs are divided into the various machines that are required. The first division is on the pumps and compressors. The pump purchased was needed to increase the pressure of butane to the specifications of the pipes. The total cost of the pump was $1,165, 217.29. A total of eleven compressors were required, each one having a particular role to perform. The total cost of all the compressors was $159,473,108.70. There was also a turbine needed for power generation from one of the vessels when the pressure is decreased. The cost of the turbine was $600,086.96. The three components had a total cost of $ 161,273,369.57. The other facility that contributes to the capital cost is the furnaces. In total, ten furnaces are necessary to begin the operation of the plant. The total cost of the furnaces was $ 1,003,645.43. The cost of the furnaces in 2017 is also available considering an inflation rate of 3%. The next equipment purchased was the heat exchangers that contributed a total cost of $ 619,589.79. Two heat exchangers were acquired in the fall semester, while the rest of the exchangers, we acquired later. During the semester, thirteen vessels were also obtained. The total cost of all these vessels was $ 865,260.46. Towers and trays were also purchased during the period, contributing a total of $ 714,891.09. Five trays were purchased to begin the operation. There were also some miscellaneous costs for the acquisition of the sulfur plant and the tankers. The sulfur plant costs $ 1,232,960.00, which includes $ 100,000 for the plant plus the operating costs. Four tankers were also required, with each tanker costing $ 185 million.